What Does Begging the Question Mean

Begging the question is a  fallacy in which the premise of an argument presupposes the truth of its conclusion; in other words, the argument takes for granted what its supposed to prove. In Critical Thinking (2008), William Hughes and  Jonathan Lavery offer this example of question-begging: Morality is very important, because without it people would not behave according to moral principles. Used in this sense, the word beg means to avoid, not ask or lead to. Begging the question is also known as  a circular argument, tautology, and petitio principii (Latin for seeking the beginning). Examples and Observations Theodore Bernstein: The meaning of the idiom [beg the question] is to assume as true the very point that is under discussion. . . . Frequently, but erroneously, the phrase is used as if it meant to evade a direct answer to a question. Howard Kahane and Nancy Cavender: Here is an example [of begging the question] taken from an article on exclusive mens clubs in San Francisco. In explaining why these clubs have such long waiting lists, Paul B. Red Fay, Jr. (on the roster of three of the clubs) said, The reason theres such a big demand is because everyone wants to get in them. In other words, there is a big demand because there is a big demand. Begging the Batman Question Galen Foresman: Here is one reason we cannot use: Batman is great and so his gadgetry must be pro. Of course, this would beg the question, since we are trying to figure out why Batman is so great. If you think about this argument, it would go like this: Batman is great because he has awesome gadgetry, and his awesome gadgetry is great because hes Batman, and Batman is great. This argument travels in a circle. To avoid begging the question, we need to straighten that circle out. To do this, we need to justify the greatness of Batman independently of how we already feel about Batman. When Does Misuse Become Use Kate Burridge: [T]ake the very common expression to beg the question. This is certainly one thats currently shifting in meaning. Originally it referred to the practice of assuming something that implies the conclusion or, as The Macquarie Dictionary more elegantly puts it, to assume the point that is being raised in the question. . . . But this is not how beg the question is often used these days. . . . Since the general understanding of beg is to ask for, its hardly surprising that speakers have reinterpreted the phrase beg the question as meaning raise a question. The Lighter Side of Begging the Question George Burns and Gracie Allen: Gracie: Gentlemen prefer blondes.George: How do you know that?Gracie: A gentleman told me so.George: How did you know he was a gentleman?Gracie: Because he preferred blondes.

Factors that Influenced the Malaysian Stock Market Index

Contents 1. Background of the study 1 2. Problem Statement 1 2.1. Research Objectives: 2 2.2. Research Questions: 2 3. Scope and Limitations of Study 2 4. Contribution to Knowledge/ Significance of the Study 3 5. Review of Literature 3 6. Research Design 6 6.1. Type of Study 6 6.2. Data Description 6 6.3. Methodology Data Analysis 7 6.3.1. Theoretical Framework 7 7. Hypotheses 8 8. Methodology 9 List of References 10 1. Background of the study 1.1. A study on the factors that influenced Malaysian stock market index is carry out in order to measure the movement of Malaysian stock market with the concern of macroeconomic variables which include the money supply (M2), exchange rate (EXR), inflation rate (CPI) and also industrial production index (IPI). 2. Problem Statement 2.1 The demand for investing in Malaysia stock market rise up recently. It shows that, investors are more attracted to invest with the purpose of maximizing the profit and minimizing the risk of investment through a portfolio. Furthermore, Malaysia is assumed to have more capital control since it does not support the freely exchange rate system (Pan et al., 2007). In common, capital control can be defined as the prohibition of a nation can be used to regulate the flows from the capital market into and out of the country’s capital account. In order to trigger the economy of Malaysia a trade-led approach is used to accomplish the objective (Aisyah et al., 2009). Moreover, stock markets help toShow MoreRelatedStability Of Islamic Versus Conventional Banks3295 Words   |  14 PagesTitle: Stability of Islamic versus conventional banks: Malaysian Case Author: Wahid, Muhamad Azhari Dar, Humayon Abstract Purpose: This paper investigates the stability and its determinants involving Malaysian Islamic and conventional banks over the period of 2004 – 2013. 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Alcohol Regarding Air Pilots Free Essays

The dangers of drinking and driving are now well known, so that it may be considered self-evident that drinking and flying are also incompatible. However, aviation is very unforgiving of mistakes and the complexity of powered flight far exceeds that of road transport. Slight and subtle errors on the part of an intoxicated pilot are thus potentially far more serious than for the intoxicated driver, and can have devastating consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Regarding Air Pilots or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of this, and despite the relative rarity of aviation accidents, safeguards to prevent drinking and flying need to be much more stringent than those employed to prevent drinking and driving. Statement of the Problem Alcohol use may lead to accidents in aviation. Air pilots are not well-informed about the metabolism of alcohol and the effects that are produced by the consumption of alcohol on the performance. If the blood alcohol concentration becomes zero, the performance of the air pilots still can be impaired due to alcohol. Hazard perception performance has been identified as one source of individual differences in accidents. Thus, if alcohol adversely affects pilots’ hazard perception performance, then such an effect may underlie, at least in part, the increased accident risk associated with drink-flying. Research Question and Sub-Questions Q. 1. What are the alcohol related problems amongst air pilots? Q.2. what are the occupational and sub-cultural factors thought to encourage heavy drinking amongst air pilots? Q.3. Do cockpit environmental influences upon alcohol induce impairment of air pilots’ performance? Q. 4. What are the indirect indicators of alcohol consumption by air pilots? Q. 5. What is the relationship between blood alcohol concentration and impairment of performance? Significance of the Study This study involves primary and secondary research methods for the collection of data. This paper seeks to review the published literature on alcohol and aviation. The main issues to be addressed will concern available evidence regarding the level of alcohol consumption by pilots and the problems that ensue as a result of such consumption. Some reference will also be made to alcohol consumption by passengers, ground staff and others, and to problems with other psychoactive drugs of misuse. This study will examine alcohol’s effects on hazard perception; that is, the process of identifying hazardous objects and events in the traffic system and quantifying their dangerous potential. This research will be conducted to study air pilots across the spectrum of drink-flying practices, from non-drink-pilots to individuals convicted of flying while impaired (FWI), and to examine the effects of a moderate dose of alcohol on their HPPs. the present study will compare the HPPs of four groups of air pilots: FWI offenders, impaired pilots, non impaired drink-pilots and non drink-pilots. Research Design Secondary research method will be used for the collection of data for Q.1- Q. 7. The secondary sources will include scholarly journals, previously published academic material, articles, magazines etc. Primary research method will be used for the collection of data for Q. 8. Methodology Subjects They will be recruited with the aim of attaining an equal number of participants in four drink-flying groups: FWI offenders, impaired pilots, moderate drink-pilots and non drink-pilots. To achieve this aim, approximately 50 individuals will be identified as potential subjects. Design A two-by-four, experimental condition by drink-flying category design will be used. Experimental condition (no alcohol and moderate alcohol (0.05% BAC)) will be a within-subjects factor and drink-flying category (FWI offenders, impaired pilots, moderate drink-pilots and non drink-pilots) will be a between-subjects factor. How to cite Alcohol Regarding Air Pilots, Papers

Leadership Essay Paper Example For Students

Leadership Essay Paper Leadership DefinitionThere are lots of definitions and interpretations for the term LEADERSHIP. One is A relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people (Mullins, L.J. 2002, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, FT Publishing, p904). Another popular definition would be, the process of influencing an organization or groups within an organization in its efforts towards achieving a goal (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2005, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th Edition, FT Prentice Hall, p.519) Leadership Theories on BehaviourTo me, leaders are constantly surrounding us. People constantly need to be led and they seek out individuals around them who have personalities that stand out the basic qualities of leadership, the Great Man Theory. This could be in terms of their appearance, knowledge, charisma, behaviour or style. For example, popular actors/actresses might not be great leaders but they influence the thoughts of people throug h advertisements through their appearance and charisma. Leadership is also a process where trust of people needs to be gained and established before followers are doing things willingly and without having to use pressure. Managers are different in this aspect, as they are given authority/power and trust factor might not be required to actively participate in management, subordinates might not be performing their tasks willingly. The above idea is adopted from the most recent leadership definition by Manfred Kets de Vries, he defines leadership style as the point of interaction between the leaders character, the followers character and the situation. (Manfred Kets de Vries, The Leadership Mystique, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2001) To gain peoples trust, the first steps is to communicate, Warren Bennis observed the significance of rhetoric and eloquent, Effective leaders put words to the formless longings and deeply felt needs of others. They create communities out of words. (Benn is Warren, An Invented Life: Reflections on Leadership and Change, Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesly, 1993)The Traits theory, otherwise known as the Great Man theory, is the origination of leadership theories. This theory believes that there is a unique set of qualities for a leader, mainly: his intelligence and ability to judge, his knowledge power, self-confidence and dependability, his sociability and adaptability, lastly, his popularity status. Thus, it is believed that leaders are born and not made while managers are made and not born. We shall reflect the above theories in two great leaders: Sir Winston Churchill and Adolf Hitler. Their Similarities in BehaviourSir Winston Churchill and Adolf Hitler have many similar qualities; these qualities enabled them to be most influential people of their time. Churchill and Hitler are both very determined and modest; they worked tirelessly for their countries and causes they represent. Both have an eye for details, Churchill would require an extensive walkthrough of the departments under his lead for every new post he takes up, while Hitler had an incredible memory for details, every point made must be correct and consistent with previous briefings or he would be annoyed with the discrepancies. They are intelligent, excellent public speakers and most importantly, they have the self-belief and confidence to continue to fight for their cause (both reasons are at the extreme of each other). Their confidences were not influenced by their failures. Their Differences in BehaviourAdolf Hitler had motivated thousands of people to action for his cause. He inspired powerful emotional loyalty in his followers the loyalty that spawned the intense effort and sacrifice among his followers. Hitlers ideas may have been illogical but the fact is he convinced people that these were ideas worth listening and living for. He has charisma, confidence and excellent speaking skills to make people believe in him and his cause. In fact, the extent of his self-believe and confidence is unbelievable; he has little room for doubt concerning his own greatness he believes he can never be wrong. Churchill lacks charisma, however, he more than made up for it with his inspiration and vision, and his anticipations of changes to come were uncanny. As a writer, he wrote about the future of nuclear weapons and how warfare would change 20 years before WWII. Sir Winston was also a great innovator and has a great appetite for change -at that era, the structure of British Government is based